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<title>Structural semantics</title>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the book by Sir John Lyons, see <a href="Structural_Semantics_(book)" title="Structural Semantics (book)">Structural Semantics (book)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:19.0em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;border-bottom:#fafafa solid 1px;"><a href="Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Linguistic</a></li><li><a href="Formal_semantics_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics (logic)">Logical</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">

Subfields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Computational_semantics" title="Computational semantics">Computational</a></li>

<li><a href="Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lexis_(linguistics)" title="Lexis (linguistics)">Lexis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lexicology" title="Lexicology">Lexicology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_semantics" title="Statistical semantics">Statistical</a></li>

</ul>

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Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Semantic_analysis_(linguistics)" title="Semantic analysis (linguistics)">Analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Compositionality" class="mw-redirect" title="Compositionality">Compositionality</a></li>

<li><a href="Context" title="Context">Context</a>

<ul><li><a href="Prototype_theory" title="Prototype theory">Prototype theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Force_dynamics" title="Force dynamics">Force dynamics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_feature" title="Semantic feature">Semantic feature</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_gap" title="Semantic gap">Semantic gap</a></li>

<li><a href="Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a></li></ul></td>

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Analysis</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Latent_semantic_analysis" title="Latent semantic analysis">Latent</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_analysis_(computational)" title="Semantic analysis (computational)">Computational</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning)" title="Semantic analysis (machine learning)">Machine learning</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Applications</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Semantic_desktop" title="Semantic desktop">Desktop</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">File system</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_matching" title="Semantic matching">Matching</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">Parsing</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_query" title="Semantic query">Querying</a>

<li><a href="Semantic_similarity" title="Semantic similarity">Similarity</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;">

<a href="Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics of<br>programming languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">

Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Action_semantics" title="Action semantics">Action</a></li>

<li><a href="Algebraic_semantics_(computer_science)" title="Algebraic semantics (computer science)">Algebraic</a></li>

<li><a href="Axiomatic_semantics" title="Axiomatic semantics">Axiomatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Categorical_logic" title="Categorical logic">Categorical</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrency_semantics" title="Concurrency semantics">Concurrency</a></li>

<li><a href="Denotational_semantics" title="Denotational semantics">Denotational</a></li>

<li><a href="Operational_semantics" title="Operational semantics">Operational</a></li>

<li><a href="Predicate_transformer_semantics" title="Predicate transformer semantics">Predicate transformational</a></li></ul>

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Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Abstract_interpretation" title="Abstract interpretation">Abstract interpretation</a></li>

<li><a href="Abstract_semantic_graph" title="Abstract semantic graph">Abstract semantic graph</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></td>

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<ul><li><a href="Language" title="Language">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p><b>Structural semantics</b> (also <b>structuralist semantics</b>) is a <a href="Linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic">linguistic</a> school and <a href="Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> that emerged in Europe from the 1930s, inspired by the <a href="Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">structuralist</a> linguistic movement started by <a href="Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>'s 1916 work "<i><a href="Cours_De_Linguistique_Generale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cours De Linguistique Generale">Cours De Linguistique Generale</a></i>" (A Course in General Linguistics).<sup id="cite_ref-Geeraerts2009ch2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geeraerts2009ch2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Examples of approaches within structural semantics are <a href="Lexical_field_theory" title="Lexical field theory">Lexical field theory</a> (1931-1960s), <a href="Relational_semantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational semantics">relational semantics</a> (from the 1960s by <a href="John_Lyons_(linguist)" title="John Lyons (linguist)">John Lyons</a>) and <a href="Componential_analysis" title="Componential analysis">componential analysis</a> (from the 1960s by <a href="Eugenio_Coseriu" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Coseriu">Eugenio Coseriu</a>, Bernard Pottier and <a href="Algirdas_Greimas" class="mw-redirect" title="Algirdas Greimas">Algirdas Greimas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Geeraerts2009ch2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geeraerts2009ch2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1960s these approaches were incorporated into <a href="Generative_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative linguistics">generative linguistics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Geeraerts2009ch2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geeraerts2009ch2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent developer of structural semantics have been <a href="Louis_Hjelmslev" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Louis Hjelmslev</a>, <a href="%C3%89mile_Benveniste" title="Émile Benveniste">Émile Benveniste</a>, Klaus Heger, <a href="Kurt_Baldinger" title="Kurt Baldinger">Kurt Baldinger</a> and Horst Geckeler.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a> asserts that structural semantics is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a sentence, and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements. However, some <a href="Critical_theorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical theorists">critical theorists</a> suggest that meaning is only divided into smaller structural units via its regulation in concrete social interactions; outside of these interactions, language may become meaningless.<br>

Structural semantics is that branch that marked the modern <a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> movement started by Ferdinand de Saussure at the break of the 20th century in his posthumous discourse titled "<i>Cours De Linguistique Generale</i>" (A Course in General Linguistics). He posits that language is a system of inter-related units and structures and that every unit of language is related to the others within the same system. His position later became the bedding ground for other theories such as <a href="Componential_analysis" title="Componential analysis">componential analysis</a> and relational predicates. Structuralism is a very efficient aspect of Semantics, as it explains the concordance in the meaning of certain words and utterances. The concept of sense relations as a means of semantic interpretation is an offshoot of this theory as well.

</p><p>Structuralism has revolutionized semantics to its present state, and it also aids to the correct understanding of other aspects of linguistics. The consequential fields of structuralism in linguistics are sense relations (both lexical and sentential) among others.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Prototype_Semantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototype Semantics">Prototype Semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_Semantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive Semantics">Cognitive Semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive Linguistics">Cognitive Linguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Principle of compositionality</a></li>

<li><a href="Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a></li>

<li><a href="Algirdas_Julien_Greimas" title="Algirdas Julien Greimas">Algirdas Julien Greimas</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Geeraerts2009ch2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geeraerts2009ch2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geeraerts2009ch2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geeraerts2009ch2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geeraerts, D. (2009) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198700302.001.0001/acprof-9780198700302-chapter-2">Structuralist Semantics</a></i> in Geeraerts (2009) <i>Theories of Lexical Semantics</i> ch.2</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rastier, F. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315685533.ch28#ref28_44">Interpretative semantics</a></i> in Riemer, N. (2015) <i>The Routledge Handbook of Semantics</i>, ch.29</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rastier, F. (1987) <i>Sémantique interprétative</i> (3rd edition 2009)</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Hugoe_Matthews2001" class="citation book cs1">Peter Hugoe Matthews (23 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aHeusc-8XKMC&pg=PA118"><i>A Short History of Structural Linguistics</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-62568-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Lyons1995" class="citation book cs1">John Lyons (30 November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Na2g1ltaKuAC&pg=PA104"><i>Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-43877-3</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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